Ammonia has many different applications. It is used in different industries like: Plastics, Food, Agriculture and Pharmaceuticals just to mention a few. Its versatile application allows it to act as a stabilizer, refrigerant, neutralizer and purifier. In the food industry, ammonia plays a vital role as it is widely used as a preservative cooling agent in the food processing industry, making it one of the most commonly used preservatives in this field.
What is Ammonia and are possible dangers?
Ammonia (NH3) is a colorless gas that can be compressed under extreme pressure and temperature to form a liquid known as anhydrous ammonia. This clear fluid is a commonly used refrigerant in industrial refrigeration systems due to its excellent thermodynamic properties and low environmental impact. It has a lower global warming potential (GWP) compared to many synthetic refrigerants, making it a more environmentally friendly choice for certain applications.
In addition to refrigeration, ammonia plays a vital role in agriculture as a fertilizer, in the production of chemicals such as nitric acid and in industrial cleaning applications. Due to its volatile nature, industrial facilities using ammonia must implement robust safety measures.
The Danger of Ammonia
While ammonia offers numerous benefits, it can also be highly hazardous. Despite the presence of safety measures, regular maintenance, and cautious operators in factories, accidents can still occur. Human errors and equipment degradation can lead to leaks within the factory, posing significant risks to the workers’ safety. Ruptured caps or damaged rings can be potential sources of these leaks, making it essential to remain cautious and take preventive measures to ensure a safe working environment.
Some quick facts about Ammonia:
- Corrosive: Ammonia can cause damage to the skin, eyes, and lungs.
- Flammable: Ammonia can be lethal at concentrations of roughly 15% to 28% by volume in air.
- Explosive: If released in enclosed spaces with a source of ignition present, ammonia can cause life-threatening explosions.
European Union Ammonia Legislation
Due to these risks, industries must comply with stringent safety regulations and adopt appropriate mitigation measurements.
The EU Industrial Emissions Directive (IED)
The EU Industrial Emissions Directive (2010/75/EU amended by (EU) 2024/1785)) establishes emission limits for industries to minimize their environmental impact. It sets strict standards for ammonia emissions to prevent excessive air and water pollution, ensuring that industrial processes remain sustainable and comply with European environmental laws.
The Seveso Directive
The Seveso Directive (2012/18/EU) is designed to prevent and control major chemical accidents involving hazardous substances like ammonia. Facilities handling significant quantities of ammonia must conduct risk assessments, implement safety management systems, and prepare emergency response plans to protect both workers and the surrounding environment.
ATEX Directives
The ATEX Directives (2014/34/EU and 1999/92/EC) focus on ensuring workplace safety in environments where explosive atmospheres may form due to the presence of volatile chemicals, including ammonia. Compliance with these directives requires industries to classify hazardous zones, use appropriate equipment, and establish safety procedures to mitigate explosion risks.
Refrigeration Safety Standard
The Refrigeration Safety Standard (EN 378-1:2016+A1:2020) establishes safety and environmental requirements for refrigeration systems and heat pumps that use ammonia as a refrigerant. This regulation covers system design, construction, operation, and maintenance to reduce the likelihood of leaks and exposure. Compliance with this standard ensures worker safety and optimizes the efficiency of ammonia-based refrigeration systems.
These guidelines are also applicable to ammonia-based systems. For ammonia refrigeration systems, safety is of utmost importance due to the toxic and flammable nature of ammonia. Proper design, installation, operation, and maintenance are critical to ensuring the safety of personnel and the environment.
The Pressure Equipment Directive (PED)
The Pressure Equipment Directive (2014/68/EU) applies to the design, manufacture, and conformity assessment of pressure equipment, including systems that handle ammonia. Since ammonia is often stored and transported under pressure, compliance with PED ensures that equipment such as pressure vessels, piping, and safety valves meets high safety standards, reducing the risk of mechanical failure and hazardous leaks.
Best Practices for Ammonia Handling and Safety
1. Implementing Ammonia Scrubbers
One of the most effective ways to control ammonia emissions is by using a chemical scrubbers which neutralizes ammonia. These systems neutralize the ammonia by absorbing and reacting with the gas, reducing its release into the atmosphere. Ammonia scrubbers enhance compliance with environmental standards while improving air quality and workplace safety.
2. Using Proper Ventilation and Containment Strategies
Adequate ventilation systems help prevent the buildup of ammonia vapors, reducing the risk of hazardous exposure. Facilities should also incorporate secondary containment systems to manage leaks and spills effectively.
3. Installing Ammonia Detection and Monitoring Systems
Early leak detection is crucial to prevent ammonia-related accidents. Advanced monitoring systems equipped with sensors can continuously track ammonia levels in industrial facilities. Real-time alerts allow for rapid response, minimizing exposure risks and operational disruptions.
4. Regular Training and Emergency Preparedness
Ensuring that employees handling ammonia are well-trained is essential for safety. Training programs should cover:
- Proper storage and handling procedures
- Emergency response protocols
- Personal protective equipment (PPE) requirements
- Safe maintenance of ammonia-based systems
Regular safety drills and simulations can prepare personnel for potential ammonia leaks, ensuring swift and effective responses in emergencies.
Take the Next Step: Find the Right Ammonia Control Solution
Managing ammonia emissions requires a proactive approach that includes implementing the right technologies, complying with regulatory standards, and have a culture of safety within industrial operations. By adopting best practices such as chemical scrubbing, continuous monitoring, and employee training, industries can mitigate risks while ensuring the efficiency of ammonia-based processes.
If your facility is handling ammonia and you need expert guidance, JOA Air Solutions is here to help. Read more about Industrial Scrubbers to explore our tailored solutions, or contact us for personalized assistance from our experts.
